Another day with surprises. I set the alarm clock to 6am to get an early breakfast before getting on the highway towards Turpan again. Well, as I moved further west, sun rise and sunset is changing and so are business and opening hours. First observation, it was raining, second, the breakfast starts only at 8:00. So I skipped that, packed my things, put the rain jacket on and looked up a petrol station on the way to the highway. Got to the petrol station and expected a complicated process with identification, picture taking and so on as it has been described by other travellers, but besides that I had to pass a gate which opened promptly, no difference to Amy other petrol station and the petrol assistant was happy to use her few words English to get the tank filled. Same on exit, the gate opened and off I went into the grey rainy day on the highway. One hour into the drive, the sky slowly cleared and at a rest stop in the middle (again, most service stations had been closed and dysfunctioned because of the ongoing highway construction left and right from four lanes to 8 lanes), I took the rain jacket off, has a snack and went onto the highway against for the remaining 200 something km. And yes, as the highway descended from 1,900 slowly to 200 m, the temperature went up to 38°C , however, as it is bone dry, it feels not as hot as we are used to it Thailand.
Towards the end, the navigation directed me onto a different highway, which went through a stunning desert landscape, simply amazing.
I finally arrived at the hotel after 2pm.
I must say, I cannot get enough of Chinese Hotels, this is another great place, great room, great view, great bed and the topper was some music that started playing, when I started the shower.
Tomorrow I’m having a rest day here, I will see what to do before I’m off into the mountains again towards Ürümqi, the capital of this most western chinese province.





After a lazy morning, I went for a cultural excursion to Jiaohe ruins not too far from the hotel and to fill the tank again for tomorrow.
Jiaohe is considered as the best preserved place of any ancient silk road town along this stretch of desert. The main reason is, that like Donhuang, most buildings at that time were all built by straw-mud bricks (Adobe???) which naturally disintegrates over time by rain and wind.
Jiaohe was instead dug into a cliff plateau into the soft stone earth which lasts until now, even when the place was abandoned after the Genghis Khan onslaught and was never resettled again
Here is a brief summary of this place and some trivia about it:
—
Jiaohe (交河) — The “River Junction” Citadel
Location: 10 km west of modern Turpan, Xinjiang, atop a leaf-shaped plateau (1,650m × 300m) carved by two converging rivers. The 30-meter cliffs on all sides served as natural walls — the city needed no fortifications.
The Indigenous Jushi (車師) People
The original inhabitants were the Jushi (also called Gushi), a Tocharian-speaking people of likely Indo-European origin. Chinese chronicles describe them as pastoral nomads who “lived in tents, followed the grasses and waters,” yet also practiced agriculture — raising cattle, horses, camels, sheep, and goats. They were renowned archers. Their kingdom, the Anterior Jushi Kingdom (108 BC – 450 AD), made Jiaohe its capital.
Trivia from the Tombs
– World’s oldest cannabis stash: A 2,700-year-old grave at the nearby Yanghai Tombs (attributed to the Jushi or a precursor culture) contained a shaman buried with 789 grams of dried cannabis — still green, THC intact. It’s the oldest known pharmacological use of cannabis, likely for divination or medicine.
– World’s earliest saddles: Cowhide horse saddles dated to 727–396 BC were also unearthed at Yanghai, predating the Pazyryk culture saddles.
Timeline of Battles & Power Shifts
– 108 BC: Jiaohe becomes capital of the Anterior Jushi Kingdom, caught between the Xiongnu empire and the Han Dynasty.
– 67 BC — Battle of Jushi: Han forces under Zheng Ji and Sima Xi, with 1,500 Han regulars plus 10,000 Tarim Basin allies, defeat the Xiongnu. The kingdom is split into “Nearer Jushi” (Han-controlled, capital at Jiaohe) and “Further Jushi” (Xiongnu-dominated).
– 450 AD: Jushi Kingdom absorbed; Jiaohe becomes Jiao Prefecture under various dynasties.
– 640 AD: Tang Dynasty takes control; Jiaohe becomes the seat of the Protector General of the Western Regions — the highest military command in the Chinese west. Population reaches ~7,000.
– 9th century: Falls under the Uyghur Khaganate, until the Khaganate is crushed by the Kyrgyz in 840.
– 13th century: Destroyed during the Mongol invasion under Genghis Khan. The city is abandoned and never reoccupied.
Religions & Cultures
– Buddhism dominated — the northern district housed temples and stupas; the city was a key node in the Silk Road transmission of Buddhism.
– Shamanic/animist traditions preceded Buddhism, evidenced by the Yanghai shaman burial.
– The city cycled through Tocharian → Han Chinese → Uyghur → Mongol cultural layers over 20 centuries.
– Local Uyghurs today call the ruins Yarghul (from Turkic yar = “ravine” + Mongolian khoto = “town”).
Modern Status
– Excavated in the 1950s, protected since 1961.
– UNESCO World Heritage Site (2014) as part of the Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang’an-Tianshan Corridor.
– Ongoing joint conservation by Japan’s Nara Institute and Xinjiang’s Cultural Relics Bureau since 1992.




















































































































































































































































